Prophets in Islam

For other uses of this word, see Prophet (disambiguation).
This article is part of the series:
Islam
Beliefs
Oneness of God
Prophets · Revealed books
Angels · Predestination
Day of Resurrection

Muslims identify the Prophets of Islam (Arabic: النبوة في الإسلام‎) (Persian: پیامبران در اسلام) as those humans chosen by God and given revelation to deliver to mankind. Muslims believe that every prophet was given a belief to worship God and their respective followers believed it as well.[1] Each prophet, in Muslim belief, preached the same main belief of worshiping God (which in Arabic is translated as Allah) and in the avoidance of idolatry and sin. Each came to preach Islam at different times in history and some, including Jesus, told of the coming of the final prophet and messenger of God, who would be named Muhammad. Each prophet directed a message to a different group of people, and thus would preach Islam in accordance with the times. Although many lay Muslims and many Western scholars and writers hold the view that Islam began with Muhammad in Mecca, this contradicts the Quran, which says that Muhammad simply was the last prophet who preached the same faith that Adam preached to his children.

Islamic tradition holds that God sent messengers to every nation.[2] Muslims believe that God finally sent Muhammad to transmit the message of the Quran, the holy book which, according to Islam, is universal in its message. The reason the Muslims believe the Quran is universal and will remain uncorrupted is because they believe that previous Islamic holy books, namely the Torah given to Moses; the Psalms given to David; and the Gospel given to Jesus, were for a particular time and community and because they believe that, even if the books were corrupted, many prophets were still to come who could tell the people of what was correct in the scripture and warn them of corruptions. Muhammad therefore, being the last prophet, was vouchsafed a book which, in Muslim belief, will remain in its true form till the Last Day.

Contents

Etymology

In both Arabic and Hebrew, the term nabī (plural forms: nabiyyūn and anbiyāʾ) means "prophet". Forms of this noun occur 75 times in the Quran. The term nubuwwah (meaning "prophethood") occurs five times in the Quran. The terms rasūl (plural: rusul) and mursal (plural: mursalūn) denote “messenger” or "apostle" and occur more than 300 times. The term for a prophetic “message”, risāla (plural: risālāt) appears in the Quran in ten instances.[3]

The Syriac form of rasūl Allāh (literally: "messenger of God"), s̲h̲eliḥeh d-allāhā, occurs frequently in the apocryphal Acts of St. Thomas. The corresponding verb for s̲h̲eliḥeh — s̲h̲alaḥ, occurs in connection with the prophets in the Old Testament.[4][5][6][7]

The words "prophet" (Arabic: nabi, نبي) and "messenger" (Arabic: rasul, رسول) appear several times in the Old Testament and the New Testament.

The following table shows these words in different languages:[8]

Prophet and Messenger in the Bible
Arabic Arabic Pronunciation English Greek Greek pronunciation Strong Number Hebrew Hebrew pronunciation Strong Number
نبي Nabi Prophet προφήτης prophētēs G4396 נביא nâbîy' H5030
رسول Rasul Messenger, Apostle ἄγγελος, ἀπόστολος ä'n-ge-los, ä-po'-sto-los G32, G652 שליח,מלאך mal·äk', shä·lakh' H4397,H7971

In the Old Testament the word "prophet" (Hebrew: navi) occurs more commonly, and the word "messenger" (Hebrew: mal'akh) refers to angels (Arabic: ملائكة, Malāīkah), But the last book of the Old Testament, the Book of Malachi, speaks of a messenger that Christian commentators interpret as a reference to the future prophet John the Baptist.[9]

In the New Testament, however, the word "messenger" becomes more frequent, sometimes in association with the concept of a prophet.[10]

"Messenger" can refer to Jesus, to his Apostles and to John the Baptist.

It seems that in the New Testament a messenger can have a higher rank than prophets: Jesus Christ said about John the Baptist:

But what went ye out for to see? A prophet? yea, I say unto you, and more than a prophet.
For this is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.
—Matthew, Gospel of Matthew[11]

Prophets and messengers in Islam

The table below charts the twenty-five named Quran prophets, and reference key elements of their role in Islam. Muslims believe that many prophets existed, including many not mentioned in the Quran. The Quran itself refers to at least four other prophets but does not name them.[12][13]

Men of God in the Quran
Name Prophet Messenger Leader or Patriarch Book People
Adem (Adam)
Prophet[14]
Leader and Patriarch		 Scrolls of Adam[15] Children of Adam
Nuh (Noah)
Prophet[16][17]
Messenger[18]
Patriarch		 People of Noah[19]
Idris (Enocha)
Prophet[20][21]
Messenger[22]
Hud (Eber)
Prophet[17][23]
Messenger[24]		 People of ʿĀd[25]
Salih (Saleh)
Prophet[17][26]
Messenger[24]		 People of Thamud[27]
Ibrahim (Abraham)
Prophet[28][29]
Messenger
Leader[30]		 Scrolls of Abraham[31] People of Abraham[32]
Lut (Lot)
Prophet[17][33]
Messenger[24]
Patriarch		 People of Sodom and Gomorrah[34]
Isma’il (Ishmael)
Prophet[35][36]
Leader and Patriarch		 People of Arabia
Is'haq (Isaac)
Prophet[37][38]
Leader and Patriarch[39]		 People of Canaan
Yaq'ub (Jacob)
Prophet[37]
Leader and Patriarch[39]		 Fathered the Twelve Tribes of Israel
Yusuf (Joseph)
Prophet[17][40]
Leader		 Copts
Ayyub (Job)
Prophet[17][41]
Patriarch		 People of Job
Shuayb (Jethroa)
Prophet[17][42]
Messenger[24]		 Midianites[43]
Musa (Moses)
Prophet[44][45]
Messenger
Leader		 Tawrat (Torah)[46] Israelites and Copts[47]
Harun (Aaron)
Prophet[48][49]
Patriarch		 Israelites and Copts[47]
Dawud (David)
Prophet[17][50]
Leader (King of Israel)		 Zabur (Psalms)[51] Israel
Sulayman (Solomon)
Prophet[17][52]
Leader (King of Israel)		 Israel
Ilyas (Elijah)
Prophet[17][53]
Messenger[54]		 People of Elijah[55]
Al-Yasa (Elisha)
Prophet[17][56]
Messenger		 Israelites
Yunus (Jonah)
Prophet[14][17]
Messenger[57]		 People of Jonah (Nineveh)[58]
Dhul-Kifl (Ezekiela)
Prophet[17][59]
Messenger[57]
Zakariya (Zechariah)
Prophet[17][60]		 Israelites
Yahya (John the Baptist)
Prophet[60][61]		 Israelites
Isa (Jesus)
Prophet[62][63]
Messenger
Leader		 Injil (Gospel) Israelites[64]
Muhammad (Paracletea)
Prophet[65][66]
Messenger
Leader[30]		 Quran Humanity[67]

^a Identification with Biblical prophet uncertain.

For Ahl al-Kitab (followers of the Holy Books), see People of the Book.

Distinguishing between prophets and messengers

Main article: Prophets and messengers in Islam

All messengers are commonly considered to be prophets. However not all prophets are considered as messengers.[68] The Quran, like the quoted passage from the New Testament, may rank a messenger higher than a prophet. For example, whenever both titles appear together, "messenger" comes first. Crucially, a messenger delivers a new religious law (Sharia) revealed by God, whereas a prophet continues an old one. God sends both prophets and messengers as givers of good news and as admonishers of their people. A messenger will become the witness that God will take from that community on the Day of Judgment (see the following sura; Yunus;[69] An-Nahl;[70] Al-Mu’minoon;[71] Ghafir;[72] An-Nisa;[73] Al-Qasas[74]).

Scholars like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi and Amin Ahsan Islahi maintain that the key difference between prophets and messengers is that denial of a messenger invites punishment from God - this is termed as sunnat Allah (one of the ways of God in the Quran). Thus, for example, denial of Noah's invitation by his people, caused the flood to come upon them. This is an extension of the view above that messengers become witnesses to the delivery of the Divine message to their respective nations, and their nations are judged accordingly by God.[75]

Muslims distinguish between celestial and human messengers. In the Quranic world, God calls the angels 'messengers' but not prophets. The human messengers, however, also function as prophets — though not every prophet serves as a messenger. Angels always carry "orders" to the human prophets or messengers on what to say, what to do, and so forth. For example, Gabriel - the angel - delivered the Quran to Muhammad, the prophet and the messenger.

Prophethood in Ahmadiyya Islam

Main article: Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)

Unlike the majority of Muslims, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community does not recognize any difference between a messenger (rasul) and a prophet (nabi). Ahmadiyya belief regards the terms encountered in the Quran to signify divinely appointed individuals - "warner" (nazir), "prophet" (nabi), "messenger" (rasul) - as generally synonymous. Ahmadis however categorise prophets as law-bearing ones and non-lawbearing ones. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community also recognizes Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908) as a Prophet of God, and also sees him as the Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi of the latter days and view it[76] in accordance with the prophecies of Muhammad.

General Information

Status in Islam

The Quran speaks of the prophets as being the greatest human beings of all time.[77] A prophet, in the Muslim sense of the term, is a person whom God specially chose to teach the faith of Islam.[77] Before man was created, God had specifically selected those men whom He would use as prophets. This does not, however, mean that every prophet began to prophesy from his birth. Some were called to prophesy late in life, in Muhammad's case at the age of 40 and in Noah's case at 480[78] Others, such as John the Baptist, was called to prophesy while still in young age and Jesus prophesied while still in his cradle.[79]

The Quran verse 4:69 lists various virtuous groups of human beings, among whom prophets (including messengers) occupy the highest rank. Verse 4:69 reads:[3]

All who obey Allah and the messenger are in the company of those on whom is the Grace of Allah - of the prophets (who teach), the sincere (lovers of Truth), the witnesses (who testify), and the Righteous (who do good): Ah! what a beautiful fellowship!
—Quran, sura 4 (An-Nisa), ayah 69[80]

Religion of preaching

In Muslim belief, every prophet preached Islam. The beliefs of charity, prayer, pilgrimage, worship of God and fasting are believed to have been taught by every prophet who has ever lived.[77] The Quran itself calls Islam the 'religion of Abraham'[81] and refers to Jacob and the Twelve Tribes of Israel as being Muslim.[82] Isaac, Ishmael, Jesus, Noah, Moses and the disciples of Jesus are just some of the other figures referred to as Muslims in the Quran.[83] The Quran says:

The same religion has He established for you as that which He enjoined on Noah - the which We have sent by inspiration to thee - and that which We enjoined on Abraham, Moses, and Jesus: Namely, that ye should remain steadfast in religion, and make no divisions therein:...
—Quran, sura 42 (Ash-Shura), ayah 13[84]

Scriptures and other gifts

Holy books

The Revealed Books are the records which Muslims believe were dictated by God to various Islamic prophets throughout the history of mankind. All these books promulgated the code and laws of Islam. The belief in all the revealed books is an article of faith in Islam and Muslim's must believe in all the scriptures to be a Muslim. Muslims believe the Quran, the final holy scripture, was sent because all the previous holy books had been either corrupted or lost.[85] Nonetheless, Islam speaks of respecting all the previous scriptures, even in their current forms.[86] The Quran mentions some Islamic scriptures by name, which came before the Quran:

Holy gifts

The Quran mentions various divinely-bestowed gifts given to various prophets. These may be interpreted as books or forms of celestial knowledge. Although all prophets are believed by Muslims to have been immensely gifted, special mention of 'wisdom' or 'knowledge' for a particular prophet is understood to mean that some secret knowledge was revealed to him.

Table of prophets/messengers in the Quran

See also: Prophets in the Quran

The following table lists the prophets mentioned in the Quran. Biblical versions of names also appear where applicable:

Name (Arabic & Arabic Translit.) Name (Biblical) Main Article(s) Number of times mentioned by name
آدم
Adem		 Adam
Main articles: Islamic views on Adam, Adam, and Adam and Eve
 25
Adam, the first human being, ranks as the first prophet of Islam. Adam and his wife, Eve, fell from the Garden of Eden after they ate from the forbidden tree. On earth, Adam received his first revelations and lived many generations.
إدريس
Idris		 Enoch
Main articles: Idris (prophet) and Enoch (ancestor of Noah)
 2
Idris is believed to have been an early prophet sent to mankind. The traditions that have built around Idris' figure have given him the scope of a prophet, philosopher, writer, mystic and scientist.
نوح
Nuh		 Noah
Main articles: Islamic view of Noah and Noah
 43
Although best known for his role in the story of the Deluge, Nuh became a primary preacher of monotheism in his day. Muslims believe his faith in God led to him being selected to build the Ark.
هود
Hud		 Eber
Main articles: Hud (prophet) and Eber
 7
Muslims believe that only Hud, for whom the eleventh chapter of the Quran takes its name, and a few other people survived a great storm, similar to the Deluge five generations earlier. God inflicted the storm to punish the people of ʿĀd who had forgotten God.
صالح
Salih		 Saleh
Main article: Saleh
 9
According to the Quran, God ordered Saleh to leave behind his people, the tribe of Thamud, after they disbelieved and disobeyed God's order to care for a special camel and instead killed it. When Saleh and the believers fled from Thamud, God punished the people with a loud noise from the skies that killed his people instantly. Note that Saleh does not equate to the Shelah mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
إبراهيم
Ibrahim		 Abraham
Main articles: Islamic views on Abraham and Abraham
 69
Muslims regard Ibrahim as one of the most significant prophets, because they credit him with rebuilding the Kaaba in Mecca. His family included such great figures as his sons, Ishmael and Isaac, as well as his prophetic grandson Jacob. Holy women from his household included Sarah and Hagar. Because of his significance as a patriarch, Abraham is often titled Father of the Prophets.
لوط
Lut		 Lot
Main articles: Islamic view of Lot and Lot (biblical person)
 27
Muslims know Lut best for attempting to preach against homosexuality in Sodom and Gomorrah, in addition to encouraging his people to believe in the Oneness of God, although his community mocked and ignored him. Islam denies the acts which the Hebrew Bible attributes to Lot, like drinking and becoming drunk, and having intercourse with and impregnating his two daughters.
إسماعيل
Isma'il		 Ishmael
Main articles: Ishmael#Islamic view and Ishmael
 12
As a child, Ishmael - with his mother, Hagar - searched for water in the region around Mecca, leading God to reveal the Zamzam Well, which still flows as of 2011.
إسحاق
Is'haq		 Isaac
Main articles: Islamic view of Isaac and Isaac
 17
According to Islamic tradition, Ishaq, the second-born son of Ibrahim, became a prophet in Canaan. He and his brother Ismaïl carried on the legacy of Ibrahim as prophets of Islam.
يعقوب
Yaqub		 Jacob
Main articles: Islamic view of Jacob and Jacob
 16
The Quran portrays Jacob as "of the company of the Elect and the Good".[105] He continued the legacy of both his father, Isaac, and his grandfather, Abraham. Like his ancestors, he deliberately worshipped God exclusively.
يوسف
Yusuf		 Joseph
Main articles: Islamic view of Joseph and Joseph (son of Jacob)
 27
Joseph, son of Jacob and great-grandson of Abraham became a prominent adviser to the pharaoh of Egypt after he interpreted the pharaoh's dream which predicted the economic future of Egypt. According to Islam, Joseph received the gift of half of the beauty granted to mankind.
أيوب
Ayyub		 Job
Main articles: Job (religious figure)#Job in Islam and Job (religious figure)
 4
According to Islamic tradition, Job received the reward of a Fountain of Youth, which removed all illnesses, except death, for his service to God in his hometown. It is mentioned that Job lost his wealth, family, and health for many years as test of patience carried out by God.
شعيب
Shu'ayb		 Jethro (?)
Main article: Shuayb (prophet)
 11
According to Islam, God appointed Shu'ayb, a direct descendant of Abraham, to guide the people of Midian and Aykah, who lived near Mount Sinai. When the people of the region failed to listen to his warnings, God destroyed the disbelievers' villages.
موسى
Musa		 Moses
Main articles: Islamic view of Moses and Moses
 136
Moses, whom the Quran refers to more than to any other prophet, had the distinction of revealing the Tawrat (Torah) to the Israelites. The Quran says Moses realized his connection with God after receiving commands from him during a stop at Mount Sinai. He later went on to free the enslaved Hebrews after the Egyptian pharaoh denied God's power. Moses subsequently led the Hebrews for forty years through the desert after they refused to obey God's command and enter the Holy Land. On another trip to Mount Sinai during this long journey, Moses received the Torah and the Ten Commandments.
هارون
Harūn		 Aaron
Main articles: Aaron#Aaron in Islam and Aaron
 20
Aaron served as an assistant to his brother Moses. In Islam, he, like Moses, received the task of saving the Israelites from the Egyptian pharaoh. He would often speak for Moses when Moses’ speech-impediment prevented him from doing so himself.
ذو الكفل
Dhul-Kifl		 most likely Ezekiel
Main articles: Dhul-Kifl and Ezekiel
 2
The status of Dhul-Kifl as a prophet remains debatable within Islam, although all parties to the debate can agree in seeing him as a righteous man who strived in the way of God. Some studies identify Dhul-Kifl with Ezekiel, mentioned in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Ezekiel.
داود
Dawud		 David
Main articles: Islamic views on David and David
 16
In Islam, God revealed the Psalms to David. Dawud also has significance as the slayer of Goliath and defeater of the Philistines. Note that Islamic tradition and the Bible differ in their accounts of the story of King David and Uriah.
سليمان
Sulayman		 Solomon
Main articles: Islamic view of Solomon and Solomon
 17
Solomon learned a significant amount of knowledge from his father David before God made him a prophet. According to Islamic tradition, Sulayman received power to manipulate nature (including the jinn) and the power to communicate with and control animals. Known for his honesty and fairness, he also headed a kingdom that extended into southern Arabia.
إلياس
Ilyas		 Elijah
Main articles: Elijah#Elijah in Islam and Elijah
 2
Ilyaseen or Ilyas took over control of the Kingdom of Samaria after the kingdom of Solomon collapsed. Islamic tradition says he attempted to convince the people of Israel of the existence of only one God, but the people remained persistent in their disbelief.
اليسع
Alyasa		 Elisha
Main articles: Elisha#In Islam and Elisha
 2

Elisha took over the task of leading the Israelites after the death of Elijah. He attempted to show the king and queen of Israel the power of God, but they dismissed him as a magician.
يونس
Yunus		 Jonah
Main articles: Jonah#Jonah in Islam and Jonah
 4
Islamic tradition states that God commanded Jonah to help the people of Nineveh towards righteousness. However, Nineveh's people refused to listen to his message, so Jonah decided to abandon trying to help them and left. After being swallowed by a whale, Jonah repented in the stomach of the whale until it spewed the prophet out on dry land.
زكريا
Zakariyya		 Zechariah
Main articles: Zechariah (priest)#In Islam and Zechariah (priest)
 7
Zachariah became the guardian of Mary the mother of Jesus. According to the Quran, he prayed to God asking for a son, since his sterile wife Elizabeth could not provide one. God granted his wishes, lifting his wife's sterility and allowing her to give birth to John the Baptist[106]
يحيى
Yahya		 John the Baptist
Main articles: John the Baptist#Islam and John the Baptist
 5
Of John, Islam states that, throughout his lifetime, he captivated audiences with his powerful sermons which preached Abrahamic monotheism.
عيسى
Isa		 Jesus
Main articles: Jesus in Islam and Jesus
 25
God sent one of the highest-ranked prophets in Islam, Jesus, to the Children of Israel. The Quran makes it clear that Jesus was not divine nor did he have a share in God's divinity and rather spoke only of the worship of God. Jesus is called the Masih in Muslim belief.
محمد
Muhammad		 Paraclete
Main articles: Muhammad in Islam and Muhammad
 5
Muhammad, the last prophet, is important for sealing prophecy in Muslim belief and reinforcing the same faith that started with Adam. Muslims don't view Muhammad as the beginner of a new religion, but the Quran states that Muhammad simply preached the same religion as Adam, Abraham, Noah, Moses, Jesus and all the other prophets.

Other prophets

The Quran mentions only 26 prophets by name but also tells that God sent many other prophets and messengers, to all the different nations that have existed on Earth. Many verses in the Quran discuss this:

Other prophets in the Quran

Prophets in Islamic literature

Numerous other prophets have been mentioned by scholars in the Hadith, exegesis, commentary as well as in the famous collections of Qisas Al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets). These prophets include:

Mary, mother of Jesus

Main article: Maryam

A few scholars (such as Ibn Hazm)[121] see Maryam (Mary) as a nabi and a prophetess, since God sent her a message via an angel. The Quran, however, does not explicitly identify her as a prophet. Islamic belief regards her as the holiest of women, but not generally as a prophet.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Quran 2:131–133
  2. ^ Quran 10:47
  3. ^ a b Uri Rubin, Prophets and Prophethood, Encyclopaedia of the Quran
  4. ^ Exodus 3:13-14, 4:13
  5. ^ Isaiah 6:8
  6. ^ Jeremiah 1:7
  7. ^ A.J. Wensinck, Rasul, Encyclopaedia of Islam
  8. ^ Strong's Concordance
  9. ^ Albert Barnes under Malachi 2:7 and 3:1
  10. ^ Hebrews 3:1; John 17:3; Matthew 11:10; Mark 1:2; Ephesians 3:5, 4:11; First Epistle to the Corinthians 28:12
  11. ^ Matthew 11:9-10
  12. ^ a b Quran 2:247
  13. ^ Quran 36:12
  14. ^ a b Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 15. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  15. ^ Ibn Kathir, Stories of the Prophets, Story of Adam
  16. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 49. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Quran 6:89
  18. ^ Quran 26:107
  19. ^ Quran 26:105
  20. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 45. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  21. ^ Quran 19:56
  22. ^ Stories of the Prophets [2] Idris & Noah (pbut) [Sh. Shady Al-Suleiman]
  23. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 63. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  24. ^ a b c d Quran 26:162
  25. ^ Quran 7:65
  26. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 74. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  27. ^ Quran 7:73
  28. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 83. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  29. ^ Quran 19:41
  30. ^ a b Quran 2:124
  31. ^ a b Quran 87:19
  32. ^ Quran 22:43
  33. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 118. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  34. ^ Quran 26:160
  35. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 109. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  36. ^ Quran 19:54
  37. ^ a b Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 112. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  38. ^ Quran 19:49
  39. ^ a b Quran 21:73
  40. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 127. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  41. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 157. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  42. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 146. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  43. ^ Quran 7:85
  44. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 173. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  45. ^ Quran 19:51
  46. ^ a b Quran 53:36
  47. ^ a b Quran 43:46
  48. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 238. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  49. ^ Quran 19:53
  50. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 259. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  51. ^ Quran 17:55
  52. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 266. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  53. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 243. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  54. ^ Quran 37:123
  55. ^ Quran 37:124
  56. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 248. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  57. ^ a b Quran 37:139
  58. ^ Quran 10:98
  59. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 250. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  60. ^ a b Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 291. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  61. ^ Quran 3:39
  62. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 297. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  63. ^ Quran 19:30
  64. ^ Quran 61:6
  65. ^ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran:an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. New York: Continuum. p. 321. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=prophets+in+quran#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  66. ^ Quran 33:40
  67. ^ Quran 21:107
  68. ^ Malcomn Clark (2003). Islam for Dummies. Wiley Publising Inc. ISBN 978-0-764-55503-9. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT100&dq=%22all+messengers+are+prophets%22#v=onepage&q=%22all%20messengers%20are%20prophets%22&f=false. 
  69. ^ Quran 10:48
  70. ^ Quran 16:38
  71. ^ Quran 23:46
  72. ^ Quran 40:5
  73. ^ Quran 4:45
  74. ^ Quran 28:75
  75. ^ Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad (2009) (in Urdu). Mizan (2nd ed.). Lahore. 
  76. ^ Claim to Mahdi and Messiah
  77. ^ a b c Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Prophets
  78. ^ Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Noah
  79. ^ Quran 19:30–33
  80. ^ Quran 4:69
  81. ^ Quran 3:67
  82. ^ Quran 2:123–133
  83. ^ Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
  84. ^ Quran 42:13
  85. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Cyril Glasse, Holy Books
  86. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Cyril Glasse
  87. ^ Quran 87:18–19
  88. ^ Quran 5:44
  89. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Psalms
  90. ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary; Martin Lings, Mecca; Abdul Malik, In Thy Seed
  91. ^ Quran 3:184 and 35:25
  92. ^ Quran 3:184
  93. ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary, Appendix: On the Injil
  94. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Injil
  95. ^ Marmaduke Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Quran; Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary
  96. ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary
  97. ^ Numbers 21:14
  98. ^ Quran 26:83
  99. ^ Quran 12:22
  100. ^ Quran 28:14
  101. ^ Quran 2:251
  102. ^ Quran 21:74
  103. ^ Quran 19:14
  104. ^ Quran 3:48
  105. ^ Quran 38:47 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  106. ^ "Prophet Zakariyah". The Prophets. Islam101.com. http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/zakariya.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-06. 
  107. ^ Quran 40:78
  108. ^ Quran 16:36
  109. ^ A-Z of Prophets in Islam, B M. Wheeler, Samuel
  110. ^ A-Z of Prophets in Islam, B M. Wheeler, Luqman
  111. ^ Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam, Cyril Glasse, Prophets in Islam
  112. ^ a b A-Z of Prophets in Islam, B M. Wheeler, Khidr
  113. ^ Quran 36:13–21
  114. ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Daniel
  115. ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Ezra
  116. ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Isaiah
  117. ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Jeremiah
  118. ^ a b The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Note 364: "Examples of the Prophets slain were: "the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias, son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar" (Matt. 23:35)
  119. ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Adam
  120. ^ A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Appendix: List of Prophets in Islam
  121. ^ Ibn Hazm on women's prophethood

External links

Prophets of Islam outside the Qur'an
In Stories of the Prophets
Enoch · Eber · Khidr · Joshua · Samuel · Isaiah · Jeremiah · Ezekiel · Ezra · Daniel
In Islamic tradition
In Qur'anic exegesis
Note: These are prophets mentioned in Stories of the Prophets, Qur'anic commentary and exegesis, the Hadith and other Islamic literature; none are mentioned by name in the Qur'an. Muslims, however, believe that 124,000 prophets were sent to mankind, with twenty-five named in the Qur'an and the figures above identified in exegesis. Italics denote that the figure's status as a prophet is not accepted by all Muslims.